This last week, Jeremy Laurance, Health Editor for the U.K. Independent published an article entitled, “The big question: Does cognitive therapy work? And should the NHS (National Health Service) provide more of it?” Usually such questions are limited to professional journals and trade magazines. Instead, it ran in the “Life and Style” section of one of Britain’s largest daily newspapers. Why?
Archives for March 2010
Neurobabble: Comments from Dr. Mark Hubble on the Latest Fad in the World of Therapy
Rarely does a day go by without hearing about another “advance” in the neurobiology of human behavior. Suddenly, it seems, the world of psychotherapy has discovered that people have brains! And now where the unconscious, childhood, emotions, behaviors, and cognitions once where…neurons, plasticity, and magnetic resonance imagining now is. Alas, we are a field forever in search of legitimacy. My long time colleague and friend, Mark Hubble, Ph.D., sent me the following review of recent developments. I think you’ll enjoy it, along with video by comedian John Cleese on the same subject.
Mark Hubble, Ph.D.
Today, while contemplating the numerous chemical imbalances that are unhinging the minds of Americans — notwithstanding the longstanding failure of the left brain to coach the right with reason, and the right to enlighten the left with intuition — I unleashed the hidden power of my higher cortical functioning to the more pressing question of how to increase the market share for practicing therapists. As research has dismantled once and for all the belief that specific treatments exist for specific disorders, the field is left, one might say, in an altered state of consciousness. If we cannot hawk empirically supported therapies or claim any specialization that makes any real difference in treatment outcome, we are truly in a pickle. All we have is ourselves, the relationships we can offer to our clients, and the quality of their participation to make it all work. This, of course, hardly represents a propitious proposition for a business already overrun with too many therapists, receiving too few dollars.
Fortunately, the more energetic and enterprising among us, undeterred by the demise of psychotherapy as we know it, are ushering the age of neuro-mythology and the new language of neuro-babble. Seemingly accepting wholesale the belief that the brain is the final frontier, some are determined to sell us the map thereto and make more than a buck while they are at it. Thus, we see terms such as “Somatic/sensorimotor Psychotherapy,” “Interpersonal Neurobiology,” “Neurogenesis and Neuroplasticity,” “Unlocking the Emotional Brain,” “NeuroTherapy,” “Neuro Reorganization,” and so on. A moment’s look into this burgeoning literature quickly reveals the existence of an inverse relationship between the number of scientific sounding assertions and actual studies proving the claims made. Naturally, this finding is beside the point, because the purpose is to offer the public sensitive, nuanced brain-based solutions for timeless problems. Traditional theories and models, are out, psychotherapies-informed-by-neuroscience, with the aura of greater credibility, are in.
Neurology and neuroscience are worthy pursuits. To suggest, however, that the data emerging from these disciplines have reached the stage of offering explanatory mechanisms for psychotherapy, including the introduction of “new” technical interventions, is beyond the pale. Metaphor and rhetoric, though persuasive, are not the same as evidence emerging from rigorous investigations establishing and validating cause and effect, independently verified, and subject to peer review.
Without resorting to obfuscation and pseudoscience, already, we have a pretty good idea of how psychotherapy works and what can be done now to make it more effective for each and every client. From one brain to another, to apply that knowledge, is a good case of using the old noggin.
"What Works" in Holland: The Cenzo Experience
When it comes to healthcare, it can be said without risk of exaggeration that “revolution is in the air.” The most sweeping legislation in history has just been passed in the United States. Elsewhere, as I’ve been documenting in my blogs, countries, states, provinces, and municipalities are struggling to maintain quality while containing costs of the healthcare behemoth.
Back in January, I talked about the approach being taken in Holland where, in contrast to many countries, the healthcare system was jettisoning their government-run system in favor of private insurance reimbursement. Believe me, it is a change no less dramatic in scope and impact than what is taking place in the U.S. At the time, I noted that Dutch practitioners were, in response “’thinking ahead’, preparing for the change—in particular, understanding what the research literature indicates works as well as adopting methods for documenting and improving the outcome of treatment.” As a result, I’ve been traveling back and forth—at least twice a quarter–providing trainings to professional groups and agencies across the length and breadth of the country.
Not long ago, I was invited to speak at the 15th year anniversary of Cenzo—a franchise organization with 85 registered psychologist members. Basically, the organization facilitates—some would say “works to smooth”–the interaction between practitioners and insurance companies. In addition to helping with contracts, paperwork, administration, and training, Cenzo also has an ongoing “quality improvement” program consisting of routine outcome monitoring and feedback as well as client satisfaction metrics. Everything about this forward-thinking group is “top notch,” including a brief film they made about the day and the workshop. Whether you work in Holland or not, I think you’ll find the content interesting! If you understand the language, click here to download the 15th year Anniversary Cenzo newsletter.
Outcomes in New Zealand
Made it back to Chicago after a week in New Zealand providing training and consultation. As I blogged about last Thursday, the last two days of my trip were spent in Christchurch providing a two-day training on “What Works” for Te Pou–New Zealand’s National Centre of Mental Health Research, Information, and Workforce Development. Last year around this same time, I provided a similar training for Te Pou for managers and policy makers in Auckland. News spread and this year my contact at Te Pou, Emma Wood brought the training to the south island. It is such a pleasure to be involved with such a forward thinking organization.
Long before I arrived, leadership at Te Pou were promoting outcome measurement and feedback. Here’s a direct quote from their website:
Outcomes information can assist:
- service users to use their own outcomes data to reflect on their wellbeing and circumstances, talk to clinicians about their support needs and inform their recovery plans
- clinicians to use outcomes information to support their decision-making in day-to-day practice, monitoring change, better understanding the needs of the service user, and also to begin evaluating the effectiveness of different interventions
- planners and funders to assess population needs for mental health services and assist with allocation of resources policy and mental health strategy developments through nationally aggregated data.
Indeed, using outcome to inform mental health service delivery is a key aspect of the Past, Present, and Future: Vision Paper–a review of “what works” in care and a plan for improving treatment in the future. The site even publishes a quarterly newsletter Outcomes Matter. Take a few minutes and explore the Te Pou website. While you are there, be sure and download the pamphlet entitled, “A Guide to Talking Therapies.” As the title implies, this brief, easy-to-read text provides a non-nonsense guide to the various “talk therapies” for consumers (I took several copies home with me from the workshop).
Before ending, let me say a brief hello to the Clinical Practice Leaders from the Problem Gambling Foundation of New Zealand who attended the two-day training in Christchurch. The dedicated staff use an integrated public health and clinical model and are working to implement ongoing measurement of outcome and consumer feedback into service delivery. The website contains a free online library including fact sheets, research, and books on the issue of problem gambling that is an incredible resource to professionals and the public. Following the workshop, the group sent a photo that was taken of us together. From left to right, they are Wenli Zhang, me, Margaret Sloan, and Jude West.
Is Professional Training a Waste of Time?
Every year, thousands of students graduate from professional programs with degrees enabling them to work in the field of behavioral health. Many more who have already graduated and are working as a social worker, psychologist, counselor, or marriage and family therapist attend—often by legal mandate—continuing education events. The costs of such training in terms of time and money are not insignificant.
Most graduates enter the professional world in significant debt, taking years to pay back student loans and recoup income that was lost during the years they were out of the job market attending school. Continuing professional education is also costly for agencies and individuals in practice, having to arrange time off from work and pay for training.
To most, the need for training seems self-evident. And yet, in the field of behavioral health the evidence is at best discouraging. While in traveling in New Zealand this week, my long-time colleague and friend, Dr. Bob Bertolino forwarded an article on the subject appearing in the latest issue of the Journal of Counseling and Development (volume 88, number 2, pages 204-209). In it, researchers Nyman and Nafziger reported results of their study on the relationship between therapist effectiveness and level of training.
First, the good news: “clients who obtained services…experienced moderate symptom relief over the course of six sessions.” Now the bad news: it didn’t matter if the client was “seen by a licensed doctoral –level counselor, a pre-doctoral intern, or a practicum student” (p. 206, emphasis added). The authors conclude, “It may be that researchers are loathe to face the possibility that the extensive efforts involved in educating graduate students to become licensed professionals result in no observable differences in client outcome” (p. 208, emphasis added).
In case you were wondering, such findings are not an anomaly. Not long ago, Atkins and Christensen (2001) reviewed the available evidence in an article published in the Australian Psychologist and concluded much the same (volume 36, pages 122-130); to wit, professional training has little if any impact on outcome. As for continuing professional education, you know if you’ve been reading my blog that there is not a single supportive study in the literature.
“How,” you may wonder, “could this be?” The answer is: content and methods. First of all, training at both the graduate and professional level continues to focus on the weakest link in the outcome chain—that is, model and technique. Recall, available evidence indicates that the approach used accounts for 1% or less of the variance in treatment outcome (see Wampold’s chapter in the latest edition of the Heart and Soul of Change). As just one example, consider workshops being conduced around the United States using precious resources to train clinicians in the methods studied in the “Cannabis Youth Treatment” (CYT) project–a study which found that the treatment methods used contributed zero to the variance in treatment outcome. Let me just say, where I come from zero is really close to nothing!
Second, and even more important, traditional methods of training (i.e., classroom lecture, reading, attending conferences) simply do not work. And sadly, behavioral health is one of the few professions that continue to rely on such outdated and ineffective training methods.
The literature on expertise and expert performance provides clear, compelling, and evidence-based guidelines about the qualities of effective training. I’ve highlighted such data in a number of recent blogposts. The information has already had a profound impact on the way how the ICCE organizes and conducts trainings. Thanks to Cynthia Maeschalck, Rob Axsen, and Bob, the entire curriculum and methods used for the annual “Training of Trainers” event have been entirely revamped. Suffice it to say, agencies and individuals who invest precious time and resources attending the training will not only learn but be able to document the impact of the training on performance. More later.
Excellence on a Shoestring: The “Home for Good” Program
Today I’m teaching in Christchurch, New Zealand. For the last two days, I’ve been in Nelson, a picturesque coastal town opposite Abel Tasman, working with the local DHB (District Health Board). If you’ve never visited, make a point of adding the country to your list of top travel destinations. The landscape and the people are second to none. (In Nelson, be sure and visit The Swedish Bakery. My 8-year old son, Michael, unequivocally states it has the best hot chocolate in the world—and, believe me, he’s an expert).
I’ve been traveling to New Zealand at least once a year for the last several years to provide training on using outcomes to inform behavioral healthcare. Interest is keen and providers and managers are working hard to deliver top-notch services. However, like many other places around the globe, economic factors are taking a toll. On the day I arrived, one of the lead stories in the local paper (The Nelson Mail) focused on the economic crisis in healthcare. “Complaints about money, shortages, overwork, stress and unsympathetic management…in the always-stretched hospital service,” the story began, “[indicate] a rapidly worsening situation” (p. 5, News Extra). Today, the headline of an article in section A5 of The Press Christchurch warns, “Health Ministry staff brace for job losses.”
A little over two weeks ago, I was in Richmond, Virginia working with managers and providers of public behavioral health agencies. There too, economic problems loom large. Over the last two years, for example, agencies have had to absorb across-the-board, double-digit cuts in funding. The result, in many instances, has been layoffs and the elimination of services and programs—with a few prominent exceptions.
On March 5th, I blogged about the crew at Chesterfield CSB in Virginia that were serving 70% more people than they did in 2007 despite there being no increase in available staff resources in the intervening period and, at the same time, decreasing clinician caseloads by nearly 30%. In January, I posted text and video about agencies in Ohio that had managed to improve outcome, retention, and productivity at the same time that cutbacks had forced the furlough of staff! The common denominator in both instances is outcomes; that is, measuring the “fit and effect” of treatment on an ongoing basis and then using the data in consultation with consumers to improve service delivery.
If you’re not yet convinced, I have one more example to add to the mix: the “Home for Good” program. Vision, commitment, and drive are words that best capture the management and staff who work at this Richmond, Virginia-based in-home behavioral health services program. Some might question the wisdom of starting a private, primarily Medicaid-funded treatment program in the worst economic climate since the Great Depression. A commitment to helping families keep their children at home—preventing placement in residential treatment centers, foster care, and detention—is what drove founder and director Kathy Levenston to take up the challenge. The key to their success says Kathy is that “we take responsibility for the results.” As in Ohio and Chesterfield, Kathy and her crew routinely monitor the alliance and results of the work they do and then use the data to enhance retention and outcome. Listen to Kathy as she describes the “Home for Good” program. I’m sure her story will inspire you to push for excellence whatever the “shoestring” budget you may be surviving on at the moment.
Leading for a Change: The Training of Trainer’s (TOT) Chicago
I’m writing tonight from my hotel room at the River Rock Inn in Rockland, Ontario, Canada. For those of you who are not familiar with the area, it is a bilingual (French & English) community of around 9,000 located about 25 km west of Ottawa.
Today through Thursday, I’m working with the staff, supervisors, and agency administrators of Prescott-Russell Services to Children and Adults. The goal? Introduce the latest “cutting-edge” research on “what works” in behavioral health and initiate a system transformation project for this group that provides child protection, mental health, family violence, and development services in the area. The time spent with the first cohort of 125 direct services providers and supervisors went by, as they say, in “the blink of an eye.” Tomorrow, I’ll be repeating the same training for the rest of the crew. On Wednesday and Thursday I’ll meet with supervisors and administrators. Suffice it to say, it’s an incredible opportunity for me to take part in such a large and well executed service improvement project. In these lean economic times, I’m inspired by both the time and resources being directed at improving services offered to this area’s most needy. By the end of the week, I hope to have interviews posted with some of the providers and leaders working in the project.
While on the subject of training, let me share the brochure for this year’s “Training of Trainers” event in Chicago, Illinois during the second week of August. As in prior years, professionals from all over the world will be joining me and the state-of-the-art faculty for four intensive days of training on feedback-informed treatment (FIT). Please note: this is not an “advanced training” in FIT where time is spent reviewing the basics or covering content. Rather, the TOT curriculum has been designed to prepare participants to train others. Every day of the training, you will learn specific skills for training others, have an opportunity to practice those skills, and then receive detailed feedback from ICCE Senior Associates and Trainers Rob Axsen, Cynthia Maeschalck, and Jason Seidel. Anyway, read for yourself. Agencies both public and private, in the U.S. and abroad, are sending staff to the event to learn the skills necessary to lead transformation projects. Space is already limited so register soon.
Click here to download the brochure to review or forward to colleagues
Addressing the Financial Crisis in Public Behavioral Healthcare Head On in Chesterfield, Virginia
If you are following me on Twitter (and I hope you are), you know the last month has been extremely busy. This week I worked with clinicians in Peterborough, Ontario Canada. Last week, I was in Nashville, Tennessee and Richmond Virginia. Prior to that, I spent nearly two weeks in Europe, providing training and consultations in the Netherlands and Belgium.
It was, as always, a pleasure meeting and working with clinicians representing a wide range of disciplines (social workers, case managers, psychologists, psychiatrists, professional counselors, alcohol and drug treatment professionals, etc.) and determined to provide the best service possible. As tiring as “road work” can sometimes be, my spirits are always buoyed by the energy of the individuals, groups, and agencies I meet and work with around the world.
At the same time, I’d be remiss if I didn’t acknowledge the fear and hardship I’m witnessing among providers and treatment agencies each week as I’m out and about. Frankly, I’ve never seen anything like it in my seventeen years “on the road.” Being able to say that we predicted the current situation nearly 6 years ago provides little comfort (see The Heroic Client, 2004).
While nearly all are suffering, the economic crisis in the United States is hitting public behavioral health particularly hard. In late January I blogged about the impact of budget cuts in Ohio. Sadly, the situations in Virginia and Tennessee are no different. Simply put, public behavioral health agencies are expected to do more with less, and most often with fewer providers. What can be done?
Enter Chesterfield Community Service Board. Several years ago, I met and began working with Larry Barnett, Lyn Hill, and the rest of the talented clinical staff at this forward thinking public behavioral health agency. Their goal? According to the agency mission statement, “to promote improved quality of life…through exceptional and comprehensive mental health, mental retardation, substance abuse, and early intervention services.” Their approach? Measure and monitor the process and outcome of service delivery and use the resulting information to improve productivity and performance.
As Larry and Lynn report in the video below, the process was not easy. Indeed, it was damn difficult–full of long hours, seemingly endless discussions, and tough, tough choices. But that was then. Some three years later, the providers at Chesterfield CSB are serving 70% more people than they did in 2007 despite there being no increase in available staff resources in the intervening period. That’s right, 70%! And that’s not all. While productivity rates soared, clinician caseloads were reduced by nearly 30%. As might be expected, the time consumers in need of services had to wait was also significantly reduced.
In short, everybody won: providers, agency managers, funders, and consumers. And thanks to the two days of intensive training in Richmond, Virginia organized by Arnold Woodruff, many additional public behavioral health agencies have the information needed to get started. It won’t be easy. However, as the experience in Chesterfield demonstrates, it is possible to survive and thrive during these tumultuous times. But don’t take my word for it, listen to how Larry and Lynn describe the process–warts and all–and the results: